Table 3.

Factors Associated With Indicating That the Item Is a Barrier to Using Telehealth in 2014 for Family Physicians Responding to the January 2015 Robert Graham Center Survey^*

Variable	Any		Cost		Training		Reimbursement		Liability Issues
Variable	Odds Ratio	Confidence Interval	Odds Ratio	Confidence Interval	Odds Ratio	Confidence Interval	Odds Ratio	Confidence Interval	Odds Ratio	Confidence Interval
Telehealth user	0.51	0.33–0.77	0.63	0.46–0.86	0.54	0.40–0.73	0.82	0.61–1.11	0.56	0.40–0.78
Sex
Female	1.10	0.76–1.58	0.99	0.79–1.24	1.52	1.21–1.91	0.97	0.78–1.22	1.11	0.88–1.40
Male	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Type of medical degree
Allopathic	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Osteopathic	0.93	0.51–1.69	1.18	0.82–1.68	1.02	0.71–1.47	0.79	0.55–1.13	1.04	0.72–1.50
Location of medical school
United States	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
International	0.68	0.41–1.13	0.82	0.58–1.15	0.75	0.54–1.06	0.93	0.66–1.30	1.57	1.12–2.19
Practice location
Urban	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Rural	1.14	0.78–1.65	1.11	0.88–1.39	0.95	0.76–1.20	0.84	0.67–1.06	0.67	0.53–0.85
Years in practice
1–10	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
11–20	0.86	0.53–1.38	0.86	0.65–1.14	0.69	0.51–0.92	1.02	0.77–1.36	0.77	0.57–1.02
21–30	0.78	0.47–1.28	0.71	0.52–0.97	0.66	0.48–0.90	0.96	0.71–1.31	0.76	0.56–1.04
>31	0.68	0.38–1.22	0.71	0.49–1.01	0.62	0.43–0.89	0.81	0.56–1.16	0.74	0.52–1.08
Electronic health record use
Currently a user	1.27	0.67–2.40	0.82	0.54–1.25	1.14	0.75–1.73	1.17	0.77–1.78	0.86	0.56–1.31
Not currently a user	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Type of care provided
Hospital/urgent/ emergency care or other care	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
General primary care	1.41	0.91–2.19	1.53	1.12–2.09	1.61	1.18–2.18	1.68	1.24–2.27	0.96	0.70–1.32
Family physicians at the practice site
1–5	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
≥6	0.96	0.66–1.39	0.83	0.66–1.05	1.05	0.83–1.32	0.96	0.77–1.21	0.8	0.63–1.02
Practice ownership
Private	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Hospital health system	0.91	0.61–1.35	0.78	0.62–1.00	0.89	0.70–1.14	0.84	0.66–1.07	0.90	0.70–1.14
Integrated health system	0.7	0.33–1.45	0.49	0.29–0.84	1.08	0.65–1.81	0.55	0.33–0.92	0.74	0.43–1.25
Other	0.91	0.55–1.53	0.91	0.66–1.25	0.84	0.60–1.16	0.51	0.37–0.71	0.67	0.48–0.95
Constant	7.54	3.18–17.88	1.11	0.63–1.94	0.99	0.56–1.74	0.96	0.55–1.68	1.24	0.70–2.18

↵* Respondents were from among a random sample of 5000 family physicians in direct patient care from the 2014 American Medical Association Physician Masterfile, with oversampling of rural family physicians at a rate of 2 to 1. There are 1508 observations.